Emergency Department

10 Powerful Reasons Behind Blurred Vision You Need to Know

The issue of blurred (foggy, hazy) vision can be due to a wide range of underlying causes. This problem can originate from the eyes themselves or from another part of the body.

Blurred vision should always be investigated, the source identified, and the appropriate treatment applied once the cause is understood. Blurred vision can be a constant issue, or it might appear occasionally or suddenly.

When approaching treatment, it is important to assess other symptoms that may accompany blurred vision, make an accurate diagnosis, and determine any underlying eye disease.

What is Blurred Vision?

Blurred vision is defined as a loss of visual acuity, where fine details cannot be seen clearly compared to normal vision. It can be associated with eye diseases or caused by other conditions such as migraines, carbon monoxide poisoning, shingles, meningitis, and encephalitis.

Causes of Blurred Vision

1. Myopia

Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a refractive error where close objects are seen clearly, but distant objects appear blurry or hard to distinguish. It occurs when the eye length is longer than its refractive power. Main symptoms include blurred vision, squinting to see clearly, difficulty reading signs or road signs, and headaches. Myopia often develops during childhood.

2. Hyperopia

Hyperopia, the opposite of myopia, is a refractive error where the eye length is shorter than its refractive power. Individuals with hyperopia may experience blurry vision at both near and far distances. It typically begins at birth. Symptoms include blurred vision and headaches. Treatment for hyperopia depends on the degree of the condition.

3. Astigmatism

Astigmatism is an eye condition caused by an irregularly shaped cornea, leading to visual problems. In astigmatism, blurred vision affects both near and distant objects. Other symptoms include a sense of tension in the eyes, headaches, difficulty distinguishing objects at night, and eye discomfort.

Astigmatism can be present from birth or develop due to other eye conditions. Types include myopic astigmatism (combined with myopia) and hyperopic astigmatism (combined with hyperopia).

4. Macular Degeneration

Macular degeneration occurs when the macula, an important part of the retina responsible for vision, does not function properly. Symptoms include difficulty recognizing faces, a black spot or haze in the central visual field, and seeing straight lines as wavy or distorted. The prevalence of this condition increases with age.

5. Cataracts

Cataracts develop when the lens inside the eye loses its transparency, leading to problems with light transmission. Symptoms include blurred vision, the need for brighter light to read, seeing halos around lights, reduced night vision, and double vision.

6. Glaucoma

Glaucoma occurs when increased pressure within the eye damages the optic nerve. Also known as ocular hypertension, it progresses slowly and may not present symptoms early on, making it difficult to detect. If left untreated, glaucoma can cause irreversible vision loss. High pressure may also cause blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, and headaches. Normal eye pressure should be below 21 mmHg.

7. Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes and is the leading cause of preventable blindness in people aged 20–65 worldwide. Individuals with diabetes are 25 times more likely to experience blindness than the general population. The risk of diabetic retinopathy increases with the duration of diabetes, highlighting the importance of blood sugar control.

8. Dry Eyes

Dry eyes, another cause of blurred vision, result from decreased lubrication and moisture on the eye's surface. It is a chronic eye condition. Mild discomfort may be present, but untreated dry eyes can lead to severe inflammation.

Symptoms include burning, itching, blurred vision, eye redness, light sensitivity, and a sensation of dryness. Excessive tearing due to overactive tear glands as a response can also occur. Early treatment is crucial to prevent damage to the eye's surface.

9. Eye Allergy (Allergic Conjunctivitis)

An eye allergy occurs when an allergen contacts the eye, causing it to release histamines. Symptoms include redness, watering, swelling, burning, and itching. Common allergens include pet dander, pollen, dust, grass, and smoke. Blurred vision may also be a symptom, along with light sensitivity.

10. Eye Bleeding

There are three types of eye bleeding. Subconjunctival bleeding occurs on the surface of the eye’s conjunctiva and is easily visible due to its proximity to the surface. It does not cause pain or vision problems and resolves on its own.

Hyphema is bleeding within the eye, often caused by trauma, eye inflammation, or diabetes, and it typically affects vision. Lastly, bleeding can occur in the back of the eye, which is not visible externally. This type is often due to uncontrolled blood pressure or blood sugar, affecting visual acuity. Treatment for eye bleeding depends on the cause.

How is Blurred Vision Diagnosed?

Several tests are used to diagnose blurred vision. These tests include:

• Computerized Visual Field Test: Measures the visual field in each eye separately and is used to diagnose conditions like glaucoma.
• Ocular Ultrasound: Commonly used to visualize eye structures and is necessary for some eye surgeries.
• Tonometer: A device used to measure intraocular pressure for glaucoma assessment.
• Visual Acuity Test: Evaluates vision by asking the patient to read letters or numbers from a specific distance.
• Vision Loss Test: Methods like retinal and optic nerve examinations are also used in diagnosing blurred vision.

What Are the Treatment Methods for Blurred Vision?

Treatment for blurred vision depends on the underlying cause. If the cause is a refractive error like myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism, solutions include glasses with thick lenses, contact lenses, or laser surgery. Dry eye treatment involves artificial tear drops and lifestyle changes, such as reducing screen time and limiting smoking.

Taking breaks to rest the eyes when tired can also help. For blurry vision due to eye allergies, identifying the allergen through allergy tests is key, followed by the use of artificial tears or antihistamine medications to manage symptoms. Although there is no definitive cure for macular degeneration, tablets or injections can slow its progression.

Cataract treatment requires surgery, ideally before the cataract progresses. In this procedure, a new artificial lens is inserted to replace the cloudy one. Glaucoma treatment can involve medications, laser therapy, or surgery.

Blurred Vision Due to Diabetes

Treatment of diabetic retinopathy involves managing diabetes first. It is crucial to maintain good blood sugar control, personalize medication doses, and adopt lifestyle changes, particularly in diet. A dietitian should supervise and adjust the diet plan to suit the patient’s needs.

The eye is one of our most important sensory organs, and any symptom affecting vision should be taken seriously. Blurred vision is one such symptom that, as seen, can develop due to many underlying causes and may be accompanied by a variety of other symptoms.

Associated symptoms include stinging or burning, redness, watery eyes, vomiting, nausea, headaches, eye pain, and discharge. Blurred vision should be evaluated alongside other accompanying symptoms. Don’t forget to see an eye specialist for diagnosis and treatment.

by imran

Why Do Ear Crystals Move?

One of the most common conditions affecting people worldwide is Vertigo, often referred to as the movement of ear crystals. This condition frequently causes disturbing episodes of dizziness. Although it is highly discomforting, it is a treatable illness. The displacement of ear crystals significantly reduces a person’s quality of life. Those who experience dizziness when turning in bed or bending over often visit ENT (Ear, Nose, and Throat) clinics and can return to their normal lives after a short treatment period.

What is an Ear Crystal?

Ear crystals, medically known as otoliths, are calcium carbonate structures located in the inner ear. The inner ear is made up of three main parts: the cochlea, semicircular canals, and balance organs. Ear crystals are situated motionless in the area where the balance organs are located in the inner ear. They play a significant role in maintaining balance in humans.

What is Ear Crystal Displacement?

The condition where ear crystals detach from their fixed position due to various reasons is called ear crystal displacement, also known as Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV). Displaced ear crystals move into the posterior semicircular canals and start to move in the opposite direction of the canal. This reverse movement sends incorrect signals to the brain, causing the individual to feel as if they are still moving.

Meanwhile, correct signals from eye and neck movements are transmitted to the brain. Until the brain processes these signals, symptoms such as dizziness and involuntary eye movements can occur. This duration usually lasts around 10-20 seconds, though it may be longer in more severe cases.

What are the Symptoms of Ear Crystal Displacement?

Ear crystal displacement is typically observed in middle-aged and elderly individuals. It is more common in those over 65 and more frequently seen in women. It is rarely encountered in individuals under 30. The higher prevalence in older adults is due to the weakening of the ligaments that hold ear crystals in place as age advances, leading to their detachment. This condition is most commonly seen in the winter months.

The detached ear crystals move through various canals and shift positions with head movements. Crystals moving into different canals can lead to various symptoms. Hearing loss and ringing in the ears are not associated with this condition. Ear crystal displacement exhibits specific symptoms that facilitate diagnosis. The primary symptoms of this condition are:

• Dizziness
• Imbalance
• Involuntary eye movements
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of consciousness
• Coordination difficulties
• Trouble focusing
• Fatigue
• Cramps in the ear and facial region
• Severe pain in the ear region

Patients with ear crystal displacement may experience one or more of the symptoms listed above. The most common symptom is dizziness. Individuals who experience these symptoms are advised to stop moving, sit down, and drink plenty of water. It is also recommended to avoid sudden movements such as standing up quickly or bending over. In more severe cases, symptoms affecting the heart and circulatory system, like arrhythmia and increased blood flow, can appear.

What Causes Ear Crystal Displacement?

The exact cause of ear crystal displacement is not known. However, some factors that may contribute to this condition include:

• Head trauma
• Excessive stress
• Sleep disorders
• Sudden neck movements
• Staying in a lying position for long periods
• Inner ear tumors
• Otosclerosis
• Meniere's disease
• Central nervous system disorders
• Upper respiratory tract infections
• Various virus-induced infections (e.g., vestibular neuritis)
• Metabolic disorders

How is Ear Crystal Displacement Diagnosed?

Initially, if a person has a history of illness or trauma, a specialist will evaluate it. Diagnosis is made using several balance tests. If a patient reports severe dizziness when bending over or turning in bed, these symptoms are often sufficient for diagnosis. Diagnosis of ear crystal displacement is confirmed through specific tests like the Roll Test, Dix-Hallpike maneuver, and Deep Head Hanging. These tests are performed in millimetric areas within canals smaller than 1 cm.

The most commonly used method, the Dix-Hallpike maneuver, involves positioning the patient in a sitting position, turning the head slightly to the right while letting it hang off the edge of the table, and holding for 30 seconds. The patient is then returned to a sitting position. This is repeated with the head turned to the left. This method helps assess eye movements to determine whether the issue originates from the right or left ear.

What are the Treatment Methods for Ear Crystal Displacement?

Since ear crystal displacement is due to a mechanical cause, it is treated using specific physical maneuvers without the need for medication or surgery. These maneuvers are diagnostic and therapeutic at the same time. Identifying which ear the crystals have moved from is crucial for effective treatment. Various maneuvers like the Epley maneuver and the Semont maneuver are used, followed by recommended exercises for home practice.

Most patients can recover with a single maneuver, though some may require a second session. Additional sessions may be needed to complete the treatment. In severe, untreated cases, surgical methods may be necessary. After treatment, avoiding sudden movements, reducing stress, and improving sleep quality are essential.

Frequently Asked Questions About Ear Crystals

Does ear crystal displacement cause hearing loss?

No, ear crystal displacement does not directly cause hearing loss. If you suspect hearing loss along with balance problems, you should consult a specialist to identify the underlying cause.

Is ear crystal displacement a recurring condition?

Yes. Displaced ear crystals are moved to the middle ear after treatment, but it is not possible to keep them fixed there permanently. For unknown reasons, ear crystals may shift again within a few years. The recurrence risk in young individuals and children is relatively low.

Can maneuvers for treatment be performed at home?

No. It is crucial that these maneuvers are carried out by a specialist. Incorrect head positioning or angles can cause the crystals to move to more distant locations, complicating treatment.

How long is the recovery period after treatment for ear crystal displacement?

Patients can return to their daily activities immediately after treatment. However, symptoms such as fatigue and dizziness may persist for a few days.

Does ear crystal displacement cause high blood pressure?

Ear crystal displacement is not a condition that leads to high blood pressure. They are completely different issues. Both can cause dizziness, which may lead to confusion.

The ear is one of the primary centers for balance in the human body, so ear-related conditions should not be ignored. Such disorders can negatively impact a person’s daily life and work. If you experience these symptoms, it is advised to visit a healthcare facility with specialized professionals in ENT and Neurology to begin the treatment process.

by imran

What is Hyperglycemia? How is it Treated?

Your dietary habits, lifestyle, and stressful life may lead to hyperglycemia without you even noticing. Many people are unaware, but those with pre-diabetes, also known as hidden sugar, sometimes experience hyperglycemia. In a state of hyperglycemia, the amount of glucose in the blood is high, causing blood sugar levels to rise. The carbohydrates and fats you consume from food are converted into glucose for energy and enter the bloodstream.

When you consume more of these foods than necessary, your blood sugar rises. In healthy individuals, when sugar levels increase, the pancreas produces insulin to help glucose move into the cells. This way, blood sugar drops to normal levels, allowing the body to maintain healthy functions. However, in diabetic individuals, due to the lack or insufficient production of insulin, blood sugar increases, leading to hyperglycemia. In the following sections, you will find information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of hyperglycemia and other related details.

What is Hyperglycemia?

Hyperglycemia occurs when blood sugar rises due to an increase in blood glucose levels. Hyperglycemia is defined as a blood sugar level exceeding 100 mg/dl when fasting, and above 140 mg/dl after meals. Fasting blood sugar refers to your blood sugar after an 8-10 hour fast, while postprandial blood sugar indicates your blood sugar level two hours after eating.

Hyperglycemia can result from a sudden rise or may be a frequent occurrence due to conditions like diabetes. If left untreated, hyperglycemia can damage many tissues and organs in the body. The most significant harms caused by high blood sugar include vision problems, kidney disorders, sexual dysfunction, vascular damage, and nerve cell damage.

What are the Causes of Hyperglycemia?

The most common causes of hyperglycemia are Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. In diabetic patients, either insulin is not produced, or it is produced insufficiently, leading to a rise in blood sugar. Unhealthy eating, a sedentary lifestyle, and stress can also cause hyperglycemia. Blood sugar increases due to stress, a condition known as stress-induced hyperglycemia.

This type usually results in a temporary and occasional increase in blood sugar. Hyperglycemia can also develop due to various diseases such as acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, hemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis, gestational diabetes, pancreatitis, and cancer. Recently undergone surgery, infections, long-term use of corticosteroids, estrogen use, excessive weight, and heavy smoking can also lead to hyperglycemia.

What are the Symptoms of Hyperglycemia?

The symptoms of hyperglycemia, which occur due to high blood sugar, may vary from person to person and depend on the level of blood sugar elevation. When blood sugar rises to a level that can cause a coma, it presents with life-threatening symptoms.

Symptoms of hyperglycemia include:

• Frequent urination
• Increased thirst
• Dry mouth
• Bad breath
• Blurred vision
• Weakness and fatigue
• Burning sensation in the feet
• Foamy and dark-colored urine
• Slow healing of wounds

Symptoms of hyperglycemic coma are as follows:

• Vomiting
• Rapid breathing
• Shortness of breath
• Palpitations
• Loss of consciousness
• Dehydration

Hyperglycemia can lead to various health problems, such as vision impairments, neuropathic pain, diabetic nephropathy, and erectile dysfunction.

How is Hyperglycemia Treated?

The primary step in treating hyperglycemia involves adjusting your lifestyle and dietary habits. If necessary, you should create a meal plan with a dietitian and prioritize a balanced and regular diet. A lack of physical activity can lead to many diseases, including hyperglycemia. You should not miss opportunities for physical activity, such as opting for regular stairs instead of elevators or escalators. Technological advancements often encourage a sedentary lifestyle.

If lifestyle changes are insufficient for treating hyperglycemia, medication or insulin therapy may be required. In hyperglycemia, oral antidiabetics and oral antihyperglycemics are used for medication. In patients with Type 1 diabetes, who cannot produce insulin from birth, drug treatment alone is usually not enough. For Type 1 diabetic patients, regular blood sugar monitoring and appropriate insulin doses are necessary. Without careful attention to diet, insulin timing, and dosage, there's also a risk of hypoglycemia along with hyperglycemia.

What is the Recommended Daily Exercise to Prevent Hyperglycemia?

To prevent hyperglycemia, physical activity should be a part of your routine. It is recommended to exercise at least 3-4 times a week for a minimum of 30 minutes to an hour. If a person has diabetes, they should avoid exercising right before meals or 3-4 hours after eating to prevent hypoglycemia. If the individual is overweight, daily exercise is advised. When starting exercise, begin with 10 minutes of warm-up and 10 minutes of stretching to avoid sudden strain on the body.

How Should You Eat to Prevent Hyperglycemia?

A balanced and regular diet plays a crucial role in preventing hyperglycemia. To keep blood sugar levels stable, eat main meals and small snacks like nuts or yogurt, ensuring you eat small but frequent meals. Emphasize meat and vegetables in your diet while avoiding carbohydrate- and fat-rich foods. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid eating fruits late in the day and consume them in small amounts, no larger than a fist, as the sugar in fruits can significantly raise blood sugar levels.

Is Hyperglycemia More Common in Women or Men?

Contrary to popular belief, hyperglycemia is more common in women than men. Diabetes, characterized by high blood sugar, is 7-8 times more frequent in women compared to men. Pre-diabetes, also known as hidden sugar, is 28 times more common in women. This means many women are unaware they have pre-diabetes. Genetic factors, lifestyle, and eating habits contribute to the higher incidence of diabetes in women.

Can Children Have Hyperglycemia?

Hyperglycemia can affect all age groups, including children. In children, hyperglycemia typically occurs when they are born with Type 1 diabetes. Some children need regular blood sugar monitoring and insulin injections from an early age. Diabetic children face the challenges of managing this condition from a young age.

What is Hyperglycemic Coma?

A hyperglycemic coma, which occurs when blood sugar levels rise significantly, is a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate attention. Hyperglycemic coma usually manifests in two forms. One is Diabetic Ketoacidosis, a severe condition caused by the breakdown of body fat, leading to the accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood. The other is a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, resulting from severe dehydration due to significant fluid loss in the body. In the event of a hyperglycemic coma, urgent intervention is essential, and you should reach a hospital or call an ambulance as soon as possible.

Which Foods Can Rapidly Cause Hyperglycemia?

Foods that rapidly raise blood sugar include table sugar, honey, molasses, jam, marmalade, fruit juice, and sweetened stews, all of which are sugary foods that quickly enter the bloodstream. Individuals at risk of hyperglycemia are advised to avoid these foods. In addition, pastries, pasta, rice, desserts, snacks, chocolate, and halva should not be consumed by those struggling with hyperglycemia.

by imran

What is Raynaud's Syndrome? Can it Be Treated?

Raynaud’s Syndrome, also known as Raynaud’s phenomenon or Raynaud’s disease, is a relatively common condition. It is more likely to occur in women than in men and is often seen in young women living in colder climates. In most cases, it does not even require treatment, as symptoms can be alleviated by keeping warm.

What is Raynaud’s Syndrome?

Raynaud’s Syndrome is characterized by numbness and coldness in certain areas of the body when exposed to cold or under stress. The most commonly affected areas are the fingers and toes, although in some cases, the nose, ears, nipples, lips, or knees may also be impacted. In this condition, the small arteries that supply blood to fingers and toes constrict in response to cold or stress. This narrowing is usually temporary. Blood flow to the affected area decreases, a condition known as vasospasm.

Types of Raynaud’s Syndrome

Raynaud’s Syndrome can be classified as either primary or secondary. When the condition occurs on its own without any underlying cause, it is called “primary” Raynaud’s disease. The primary form is more common and typically appears between the ages of 15 and 25.

However, when Raynaud’s Syndrome is associated with an underlying disease—often a rheumatic or autoimmune disorder—it is classified as secondary Raynaud’s Syndrome. Diseases that can cause secondary Raynaud’s Syndrome usually include connective tissue diseases or autoimmune disorders, such as:

• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
• Scleroderma
• CREST Syndrome
• Buerger's Disease (Thromboangiitis obliterans)
• Sjögren’s Syndrome
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Atherosclerosis
• Polymyositis
• Blood disorders like Cryoglobulinemia
• Thyroid diseases
• Pulmonary Hypertension

What Causes Raynaud’s Syndrome?

The exact cause of Raynaud’s Syndrome is not well understood. It is thought that conditions like thrombocytosis (an increased number of platelets) and polycythemia (an elevated number of red blood cells), which increase blood viscosity, as well as abnormalities in certain receptors that regulate blood vessel constriction and dilation, may contribute to Raynaud’s Syndrome. Some factors that may increase the risk of developing Raynaud’s disease include:

1. Connective tissue diseases
2. Autoimmune disorders
3. Exposure to chemicals
4. Smoking
5. Trauma
6. Repetitive movements such as typing or using vibrating tools like jackhammers
7. Certain medications
8. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Common Symptoms of Raynaud’s Syndrome

The symptoms of Raynaud’s Syndrome are triggered by cold weather or stress. Once the stressor is removed or the affected area is warmed, the symptoms usually subside. The most common symptoms include:

• Coldness of the affected area: The affected region becomes cold due to reduced blood flow.
• Three-phase color change: The affected area first turns white, then blue-purple, and finally red. The area turns white because of reduced blood flow, then blue-purple due to a lack of oxygen (a condition called cyanosis), leading to numbness and coldness. When blood flow returns, the area becomes red. Once the attack is over, there may be a sharp, aching pain in the area. Raynaud’s attacks can last less than a minute or continue for hours.
• Numbness and tingling: Due to insufficient blood supply to the nerves in the affected area.
• Swelling: Sometimes, the affected area may swell as blood flow returns after an attack.

Common Misconceptions About Raynaud’s Syndrome

There is a general lack of awareness and understanding about Raynaud’s Syndrome in society, leading to several misconceptions. Some of the most common misconceptions are:

• Raynaud’s Syndrome is rare: It’s difficult to pinpoint the exact number of people affected by Raynaud’s Syndrome, as only one in ten people with the condition seek medical help. Studies suggest that about 5% of the population has Raynaud’s Syndrome, and this number can rise to 20% in women of reproductive age.

• Raynaud’s Syndrome can be documented with simple medical tests: There is no specific medical test for Raynaud’s Syndrome. Most diagnoses are based on the patient’s medical history. Although it was once common to provoke symptoms by immersing the hands in ice water, this practice has been abandoned due to the rare possibility of irreversible symptoms.

• Raynaud’s Syndrome only affects fingers and toes: While fingers and toes are the most commonly affected areas, it has also been reported to affect the nose, ears, nipples, lips, and even the tongue. During cold or stress, the body redirects blood flow to vital organs like the heart and brain, leading to reduced blood flow to other areas.

• Raynaud’s Syndrome is a type of cold allergy: Raynaud’s Syndrome is not an allergic reaction to cold. In cases of cold allergy, a condition called “cold urticaria” occurs, which involves itching and rashes. It is important to distinguish between cold allergies and Raynaud’s Syndrome.

• Raynaud’s Syndrome only occurs in winter or cold climates: Triggers for Raynaud’s attacks can include exposure to air conditioning, swimming, holding a cold object, or being near a freezer. It’s not only extreme cold that can cause an attack.

How is Raynaud’s Syndrome Treated?

The main goals of Raynaud’s Syndrome treatment are to reduce the frequency and severity of attacks and to prevent tissue damage and loss in the fingers and toes. Patients with the primary form usually do not require medication, while those with the secondary form may need medication. Non-medication strategies for managing Raynaud’s Syndrome include:

• Be proactive during an attack: Do not ignore Raynaud’s attacks. Appropriate measures can reduce the severity and duration of an attack. The best initial step is to warm the hands and feet. Avoid staying outside in cold weather, and if possible, move indoors. Warm the affected area with lukewarm water, avoiding extreme heat.
• Keep yourself warm: Protect the whole body from cold exposure, not just the hands and feet. Dress appropriately for the weather, and wear a hat or cap in cold climates since significant heat loss occurs through the scalp.
• Moisturize: Keep the skin hydrated to prevent dryness and cracks caused by cold.
• Avoid smoking: Nicotine in cigarettes causes blood vessels to constrict and lowers body temperature, which can trigger an attack. If you smoke, quitting is crucial.
• Learn to manage stress: Stress is a major trigger for Raynaud’s attacks. Identifying and avoiding stressful situations can help reduce the number of attacks.
• Exercise regularly: Regular exercise is an important part of managing Raynaud’s Syndrome, as it promotes overall well-being. However, avoid exercising in cold weather.

For patients with secondary Raynaud’s Syndrome, medication may be necessary. The most effective and safest drug class for treating Raynaud’s Syndrome is calcium channel blockers, which help to dilate small arteries. They are also effective in healing ulcers on the fingers and toes caused by Raynaud’s Syndrome.

Foods That Help With Raynaud’s Syndrome

Diet is another important aspect for people living with Raynaud’s Syndrome. A balanced and regular diet should be maintained, avoiding substances like caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. Evening primrose oil, ginkgo biloba, and fish oils may help improve Raynaud’s Syndrome. Ginger, garlic, and spicy foods can also help reduce attacks.

Proteins, one of the most fundamental food groups, strengthen tissue and repair damaged areas. Increasing dietary protein intake may speed up the healing of ulcers caused by Raynaud’s Syndrome in the fingers and toes. It’s important to consume these foods under the supervision and recommendation of a doctor.

Although most Raynaud’s attacks seem harmless, they have been reported to cause tissue damage and loss. If you experience frequent attacks, if the attacks last a long time, cause infections or wounds, or if your first attack occurred after age 25, be sure to see a doctor and take care of your health.

by imran

What is Pancreatitis? How is it Treated?

Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which can present with varying degrees of symptoms and potentially lead to irreversible endocrine dysfunctions, making it a serious health condition. Pancreatitis is commonly categorized into two main types: acute and chronic.

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-term inflammation and infection condition. It often occurs after an acute pancreatitis attack. The most important causes are gallstones in the gallbladder and long-term alcohol use. Alcohol can cause serious and irreversible damage to the pancreas. Ignoring the resulting conditions can lead to sudden acute pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis, due to its life-threatening complications and mortality rate, requires urgent medical attention, while chronic pancreatitis is often not noticed until approximately 80-90% of the endocrine (internal secretion) and exocrine (external secretion) tissue is destroyed.

Typically, male patients with acute pancreatitis are between 40-45 years old and have a history of alcoholism. Female patients are between 50-55 years old and have a history of gallbladder disease. The mechanisms that lead to pancreatic infection are still not fully understood. It is generally attributed to the blockage of the pancreatic duct, accompanied by excessive secretion of pancreatic enzymes.

Causes of Acute Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis can range from a mild condition to a severe illness that does not respond to any treatment. The most common causes include gallstones (45%) and alcohol use (35%). Less common causes are viral infections, such as the mumps virus. Acute pancreatitis can also occur after recent surgical procedures. Other causes of acute pancreatitis include:

1. Tumors
2. Parasites
3. Ethanol and methanol alcohols
4. Diuretic medications
5. Severe trauma
6. Atherosclerosis
7. High blood lipid levels
8. Crohn's disease
9. Pancreatic cancer

Age-Related Changes Acute pancreatitis affects all age groups. However, the mortality rate due to acute pancreatitis increases with age. Additionally, symptoms and signs change with age. Monitoring the function of organs such as the lungs and kidneys is very important. Intensive treatment may be required to reduce life-threatening risks associated with acute pancreatitis in the elderly.

Symptoms of Acute Pancreatitis

The main symptom that drives individuals to seek medical help is severe abdominal pain. Inflammation in the pancreas causes nerve endings to be triggered, leading to abdominal pain, tenderness, and back pain. The pain typically develops quickly. It starts 24 to 48 hours after alcohol consumption. The pain from acute pancreatitis is diffuse, making it difficult to localize.

It often worsens after meals. Pain from pancreatitis is often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and abdominal distension (swelling). Fever, jaundice, and mental confusion can also occur. In addition, low blood pressure, breathing difficulties, and shortness of breath are common symptoms.

When Should You Go to the Hospital? If you have abdominal pain of a severity you have never experienced before, accompanied by vomiting and fever, or if you generally feel unwell, call an ambulance and seek emergency medical assistance as quickly as possible.

How is Acute Pancreatitis Diagnosed?

Acute pancreatitis is diagnosed using clinical findings, biochemical tests, and various diagnostic methods. The diagnosis is based on a history of abdominal pain, known risk factors, physical examination findings, and other diagnostic criteria. In 80-95% of acute pancreatitis cases in children, the most common symptom is abdominal pain. Additional tests for diagnosing acute pancreatitis may include:

Laboratory Tests

• An increase in serum amylase and lipase enzyme levels to three times the normal value is a specific finding for acute pancreatitis.
• Urine amylase levels rise.
• White blood cell count (WBC) is found to be between 10,000-20,000/mm³.
• Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) may be observed.

Radiographic Diagnostic Methods

• Abdominal X-ray
• Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
• In ⅓ of acute pancreatitis cases, abnormal lung findings are observed.
• Ultrasound is performed after hospital admission to detect any gallstones.
• Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is rarely used, as acute pancreatitis requires urgent medical intervention, leaving no time for ERCP.

Can Acute Pancreatitis Be Prevented?

The best and easiest way to prevent pancreatitis is to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Recommendations to prevent pancreatitis include:

• Maintain a healthy weight according to your body mass index.
• Engage in regular exercise.
• Quit smoking and alcohol consumption.

Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis

Treatment for acute pancreatitis focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing possible complications. Oral feeding is stopped to limit pancreatic stimulation and enzyme secretion. Intravenous nutrition (parenteral feeding) is crucial, especially for patients weakened by the stress caused by the condition. Necessary medications to reduce nausea, relieve abdominal pain, and decrease excess stomach acid are administered as prescribed by the physician.

About 80% of acute pancreatitis cases improve rapidly. However, 20% of cases are severe and can lead to life-threatening conditions such as multiple organ failure. In severe cases with complications, there is a high risk of mortality. It may take several months for a person to recover after receiving acute pancreatitis treatment.

How to Take Care of Yourself After Experiencing Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis can recur. To prevent recurrence, it is important to adopt a low-fat diet, quit smoking and alcohol, follow the treatment plan set by the physician, and seek nutritional advice from a dietitian.

Who is at Risk for Acute Pancreatitis?

Acute pancreatitis is more common in middle-aged and older adults, but it can affect people of all ages and pose a risk to anyone. Studies show that alcohol use in men and gallstone formation in women are significant factors in the development of pancreatitis.

Is Acute Pancreatitis a Recurring Condition?

Acute pancreatitis can be a one-time occurrence. However, if there is an underlying cause, pancreatitis may recur until the cause is eliminated. Some measures to prevent recurrent acute pancreatitis include:

• If gallstones are the cause, surgery is performed to remove the gallstones and the gallbladder.
• If alcohol is the cause, alcohol use should be stopped.

Approximately 40% of acute pancreatitis cases are caused by gallstone formation. To prevent acute pancreatitis and many other health issues, quitting smoking and alcohol use is crucial. Adopting a healthy lifestyle and healthy eating habits can prevent the formation of gallstones. Treatment should involve cooperation with doctors and dietitians, following the recommendations and advice of health professionals.

Wishing you healthy days ahead.

by imran

What is Dehydration? How is it formed?

What is Dehydration?

Water is an essential nutrient for the life of all living beings. Approximately 50-60% of the human body is made up of water. In other words, the body's primary fluid is water. During hot summer days, the importance of water becomes even more pronounced. For a healthy life, the amount of fluid lost from the body should not exceed the amount taken in.

However, for various reasons, the body may experience excessive fluid loss. This condition is known as dehydration. If dehydration is not addressed in its early stages, it can lead to severe consequences. You can find more information about dehydration in the rest of this article.

How Does Dehydration Occur?

Dehydration is when the body loses more fluids than it should for various reasons. Water has many roles, from digesting food to facilitating chemical reactions in the body and regulating body temperature. Without water, humans can only survive a few days. A disruption in the body's fluid-electrolyte balance can cause damage to many organs, especially the kidneys.

Normally, the amount of fluid lost should be balanced with the amount taken in. The body's fluid balance is called hydration. The kidneys are the primary organs responsible for removing fluids from the body. Approximately 1500 ml of fluid is expelled daily through the kidneys.

This is followed by the skin, intestines, and respiratory system. Normally, when the body senses dehydration, it signals the need to replace lost fluids through thirst. Babies are the group most vulnerable to dehydration because they cannot express their thirst.

Additionally, kidney dysfunction, diarrhea, excessive sweating, long flights, high fever, and vomiting can lead to fluid loss. When the body loses fluids, essential minerals like sodium and potassium are also expelled. If the body cannot replenish lost fluids and minerals through water or other foods and drinks, an imbalance in the fluid-electrolyte balance occurs, negatively impacting many organs and tissues.

What Are the Symptoms of Dehydration?

The severity of dehydration is determined by the amount of fluid loss in the body. Accordingly, dehydration is classified into three categories: mild, moderate, and severe dehydration. In mild dehydration, the fluid loss in the body is less than 3%. In moderate dehydration, this percentage ranges from 3-6%, while in severe cases, it is over 6%. The symptoms of dehydration also vary depending on its severity. So, what are the symptoms of dehydration? The main symptoms can be listed as follows:

• Thirst: When the body's fluid balance starts to deteriorate, the hypothalamus, which regulates hunger, fullness, and thirst, is triggered, causing a need to drink water. The hypothalamus is also responsible for regulating body temperature, playing a crucial role in maintaining fluid-electrolyte balance. It secretes a hormone known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which helps the body conserve water. When the body is dehydrated, ADH reduces urine output and triggers the urge to drink fluids. Thirst is the first and mildest symptom of dehydration, easily corrected by consuming fluids. However, people sometimes neglect to drink water when busy, leading to more severe consequences if water needs are not promptly met.
• Dry Mouth: Along with thirst, dry mouth is one of the initial symptoms of dehydration. It reduces both the stickiness and quantity of saliva produced by the salivary glands. In babies who cannot communicate their thirst, a dry mouth and lips can be crucial indicators of fluid loss.
• Increased Heart Rate (Tachycardia): Fluid loss is directly proportional to increased body temperature. As the body temperature rises, the heart pumps more blood to regulate temperature, leading to tachycardia. In severe dehydration, bradycardia (a very low pulse rate) may occur.
• Fatigue: Excessive sweating and high fever can lead to fluid loss, decreasing blood volume. This reduces the amount of blood flowing to tissues and cells, causing fatigue and weakness.
• Decreased Urine Output: One of the kidneys' main roles is to maintain fluid-electrolyte balance. When the body lacks sufficient fluids, the kidneys cannot expel fluids effectively. Reduced urine output is common in all levels of dehydration and may be accompanied by dark-colored urine.
• Skin Changes: A disruption in the body's fluid balance also affects the skin. In dehydration, reduced blood volume can decrease skin elasticity, known as skin turgor. If the skin takes time to return to normal after being pinched, it indicates fluid imbalance.
• Decreased Tear Production: The tear glands in the eyes produce tears by secreting fluids. When the body is dehydrated, tear production decreases, and in severe cases, tears may be absent.
• Muscle Cramps: Muscles rely on electrolytes to contract and relax. Therefore, intense exercisers like athletes may frequently experience muscle cramps due to fluid loss from excessive sweating.
• Fainting: In moderate and severe dehydration, extreme physical strain can cause fainting.

If dehydration is not treated early, it can lead to organ damage, loss of consciousness, shock, and even death.

Dehydration in Babies and the Elderly

Babies, the elderly, and those living at high altitudes are at greater risk of dehydration. Babies' bodies are approximately 80% water, making them more susceptible to dehydration. The leading causes of dehydration in babies are diarrhea and insufficient breastfeeding.

It's crucial to ensure adequate hydration for babies with diarrhea and to consult a doctor if diarrhea persists. In older adults, body water levels are around 50-60%. Dehydration can occur in this age group due to decreased kidney function, medication use, or fluid restrictions. In such cases, it is essential to seek medical attention and take appropriate precautions.

Beware of Dehydration at High Altitudes

Another risk group for dehydration includes individuals living at high altitudes. To maintain body temperature at high altitudes, the human body requires more breathing and oxygen, necessitating increased fluid intake. People on long flights may also experience dehydration due to the dry air inside the plane and the high altitude. For this reason, it is recommended to increase fluid intake during long flights.

How to Prevent Dehydration?

Dehydration is a preventable condition. Here are the main ways to prevent dehydration:

• Those experiencing fluid loss due to conditions like diarrhea or vomiting should increase fluid intake in their diet. These fluids should not be sugary or acidic. Additionally, beverages like tea and coffee, which have diuretic properties, should be minimized or avoided during dehydration.
• Synthetic fabrics can cause more sweating, leading to increased fluid loss. Especially during exercise or on hot summer days, it is advisable to wear clothing that allows the skin to breathe.

If dehydration is not detected early and precautions are not taken, it can lead to life-threatening conditions. Therefore, drink plenty of water and consult the nearest healthcare facility if necessary for your health. Wishing you healthy days.

by imran

What is Ecchymosis? What are the Causes?

During daily life, redness and bruising on the skin can appear as a result of minor or major accidents, different illnesses, or for no apparent reason. These red or bruised areas, often called contusions or bruises, can indicate serious health problems when they appear without a known cause. If the redness is due to a trauma-related injury resulting in blood pooling, it is known as ecchymosis.

While ecchymosis can occur at any age, it is more common in children and the elderly. This is due to their more fragile physical structures and a higher likelihood of falls or accidents. Ecchymosis can also result from simple causes like bumping into furniture at home.

It is most frequently seen on the arms and legs. Most cases of ecchymosis cause only mild discomfort at the site and heal on their own. Since the redness and bruising are visually unappealing, creams can be used to speed up the healing process.

What is Ecchymosis?

Ecchymosis is a type of bleeding seen under the skin due to damage to the capillaries. Blood that leaks under the skin accumulates in a specific area, creating a contusion-like bruise with a red or purple color. Over time, the color fades, changing from blue to green, brown, and yellow before disappearing. The size and shape of the ecchymosis vary depending on the intensity of the impact and the type of object causing the injury.

Bleeding from damaged capillaries can spread to surrounding tissues, favoring softer tissues over more rigid ones. In ecchymosis, the bleeding does not rise to the skin's surface and does not cause swelling.

If there is swelling on the skin, it is called a hematoma, not ecchymosis. While a hematoma is a deep accumulation of blood, ecchymosis occurs just under the skin. In ecchymosis, red blood cells that escape from the damaged vessel accumulate under the skin while platelets gather around them, causing the ecchymosis to expand. Platelets help the clotting process, gather at the injured area, complete clotting, and repair the damage. This stops the blood leak, and over time, the ecchymosis heals, fades, and disappears.

What Are the Causes of Ecchymosis?

The most common cause of ecchymosis is trauma, but it can also occur for many other reasons. Various diseases, infections, injuries, or any condition that disrupts tissue integrity can cause ecchymosis. The causes can be categorized into individual factors and environmental factors. Some individual factors that lead to ecchymosis include:

• Platelet Count: When a person's platelet count is lower than normal, blood leakage lasts longer, causing ecchymosis.
• Medications: Long-term use of anticoagulant medications can make a person more prone to bleeding because the blood thins. Since anticoagulant drugs slow down clotting, bleeding lasts longer and causes ecchymosis.
• Clotting Disorders: If there is a clotting disorder, the damaged vessel will not close quickly, resulting in more bleeding and ecchymosis. The primary cause of clotting disorders is a deficiency in clotting factors.
• Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT): Normally, the APTT value should be between 25-35 seconds. If it exceeds 100 seconds, bleeding is very likely.
• Carelessness: Carelessness is another individual factor that can lead to ecchymosis. Frequently bumping into things or falling due to carelessness may result in ecchymosis.

Environmental factors, like accidents or medical procedures, can also lead to ecchymosis. Here are some reasons why medical interventions might cause ecchymosis:

• Injection Site: Different injection types require specific injection sites. An inappropriate injection site can cause ecchymosis.
• Injection Needle: The needle must move correctly within the tissue at the right angle. Otherwise, it can damage tissues and cause bleeding.
• Medication Injection: Ecchymosis may occur during medication injections for various reasons, depending on the type of medication and the person administering it.
• Airlock Technique: When irritating medications are used, the airlock technique can minimize irritation. This reduces tissue damage, preventing ecchymosis.
• Aspiration Application: If aspiration is applied, the needle may move and damage tissues, causing ecchymosis.
• Administered Medication: The type of medication and the duration of administration can influence the formation of ecchymosis.

What Are the Types of Ecchymosis?

Types of ecchymosis vary based on size, shape, and location. Depending on where it appears, there are migratory or stationary types of ecchymosis. In migratory ecchymosis, if the injured area is on a firm or taut tissue, the blood leak moves towards surrounding soft tissues. A common example is when a blow to the forehead results in bruising under the eyes.

Because the area under the eyes is rich in capillaries and is a soft tissue, bleeding accumulates there, creating migratory ecchymosis. Stationary ecchymosis, on the other hand, refers to bleeding and color change at the site of trauma.

Subcutaneous injections, which are injections administered under the skin, are a typical example of stationary ecchymosis. Hematomas or ecchymosis are common during subcutaneous injections because if the procedure is not performed gently or the needle does not move correctly, it can damage the blood vessels and cause bleeding.

Types of ecchymosis can also be classified based on the extent of blood spread. These include:

• Petechiae: 1-2 mm pinpoint-sized bleedings, known as petechiae.
• Purpura: 3-5 mm bleedings under the tissue, called purpura.
• Ecchymosis: When the bleeding area is about 1-2 cm, it is classified as ecchymosis.

Thus, purpura and petechiae are types classified based on the size of the ecchymosis. Another type is based on the shape of the bruise, which varies according to the type of instrument causing the trauma. Injuries from cutting, piercing, or crushing tools create different shapes of ecchymosis, making it an essential clue in forensic cases. It provides information on what type of object was used during an attack and when the incident occurred.

What is the Difference Between Hematoma and Ecchymosis?

Hematoma and ecchymosis are often confused. The similarity between them lies in the color change seen on the skin's surface due to bleeding. They differ in their locations and the appearance caused by the impact.

Ecchymosis is a condition that appears just under the skin, while a hematoma is deeper and can even occur inside organs. In ecchymosis, the damaged tissue forms a smooth patch, while in a hematoma, the patch can be larger and swollen. Therefore, while there is no swelling in surface-level ecchymosis, a hematoma will often cause redness and swelling on the skin's surface.

If you notice an unexplained bruise or redness on your body, it may indicate a significant health problem, so you should not neglect to see a doctor. The doctor will determine the cause through examination, tests, and analyses, and apply the appropriate treatment.

by imran

What is C-Reactive Protein? What Causes High CRP Levels?

C-Reactive protein, or CRP for short, is a type of protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation occurring anywhere in the body. When any agent, such as a virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite, or toxic chemicals, enters the body or after an injury, the immune system is directly activated, and immune cells are produced to be sent to the affected area.

In addition, the synthesis of C-Reactive protein in the liver increases, leading to local symptoms like pain, swelling, and redness. Under normal circumstances, the CRP level in the blood of healthy individuals is quite low. However, during any inflammation, the CRP level begins to rise in direct proportion to the severity of the inflammation.

Mild increases in CRP levels in the blood may be due to simple infections that do not cause any symptoms. However, significant and severe elevations in C-Reactive protein levels may indicate serious inflammation, necessitating further investigation.

What is CRP?

In the presence of any inflammation in the body, acute phase reactants in the blood increase, triggering an immune response. One of these protein-based molecules that trigger an inflammatory acute phase response is C-Reactive protein. Known as CRP, this protein increases by at least 25% during an inflammatory condition in the body.

The more severe the inflammation, the higher the CRP level, which is accompanied by symptoms such as swelling, redness, and pain in the affected area. High levels of LDL, also known as bad cholesterol, can also lead to the formation of an acute phase response, resulting in elevated CRP and inflammation.

A variation of the CRP test, called high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), is used to assess the risk of cardiovascular diseases and heart attacks. Apart from infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, high CRP levels can also be seen in autoimmune diseases, characterized by the body's immune response against its tissues, as well as in many chronic and systemic diseases.

When a health screening is performed due to suspicion of any disease or infection, a CRP test is usually included. A significantly elevated CRP level indicates the presence of inflammation in the body. In such cases, further diagnostic tests are conducted to determine the location and cause of the inflammation. Once the underlying health issue is identified and treated, the CRP level can be brought back to a normal range as the inflammation decreases.

If the inflammation is caused by an infection, antibiotics, antiviral, or antifungal medications can be used to eliminate it. In autoimmune diseases, medications that suppress the immune response can control inflammation, thereby balancing CRP levels.

Monitoring the decrease in CRP levels regularly helps evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment plan for inflammation. For example, in antibiotic treatment for an infection, examining whether there is a sufficient decrease in CRP levels can help determine if the medication is effectively addressing the infection. Because of these features, the C-Reactive protein test is one of the most commonly used blood tests in medicine.

What Should the CRP Level Be?

A simple blood test is sufficient to determine the CRP level. A blood sample can be taken from any vein in the body and tested in a laboratory to measure the CRP level easily. No preparation or special equipment is needed for the test. Unlike other values, fasting or being full is not required for this test, meaning it can be conducted at any time of the day.

However, since CRP is often measured along with other blood values, a fasting blood sample may be requested to allow accurate measurement of those other values. Although laboratory criteria may vary, the normal range of C-Reactive protein in the blood is generally expected to be below 1.0 mg/L.

This indicates that the CRP level in the blood of healthy individuals is very low, and any increase is easily noticeable. A CRP level below this threshold suggests that there is no significant inflammation in the body. CRP levels above 1.0 mg/dL indicate an inflammatory condition and require further diagnostic tests.

Mild elevations in CRP are generally not a cause for concern, as they can result from minor inflammations. If such an elevation is detected, additional investigations may be conducted, or follow-up with a repeat blood test may be suggested, considering the patient's medical history.

In pregnant women and individuals with chronic diseases, even mild elevations in CRP should be taken seriously. In recent years, especially in studies conducted in the United States, it has been proven that patients with elevated CRP levels have a two to three times higher risk of experiencing a heart attack.

While the CRP level alone is not sufficient to diagnose a disease, it can be considered along with other blood findings and test results to evaluate heart attack risk and guide preventive treatments. The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) can be assessed using the high-sensitivity hs-CRP level, according to the following scale:

• hs-CRP level below 1.0 mg/dL – Low CVD risk
• hs-CRP level between 1.0 mg/dL and 3.0 mg/dL – Moderate CVD risk
• hs-CRP level above 3.0 mg/dL – High CVD risk

What Causes High CRP Levels?

High CRP levels indicate inflammation in the body, which can occur in any area for various reasons. Elevated CRP indicates the presence and intensity of inflammation and is categorized differently based on the value detected in the blood:

CRP levels between 1-1.5 mg/dL are considered mild elevations and can be caused by:

• Obesity
• Smoking
• Minor injuries
• Colds
• Stress and depression
• Gum infections
• Sleep disorders
• Diabetes
• Pregnancy

CRP levels up to 10 mg/dL are considered moderate elevations, with potential causes including:

• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Heart attack (myocardial infarction)
• Diseases like bronchitis and pancreatitis

CRP levels above 10 mg/dL are classified as significant elevations and indicate severe inflammation in the body. Some conditions that can cause such high CRP levels include:

• Acute bacterial infections (severe elevations above 50 mg/dL are often due to acute bacterial infections)
• Viral illnesses
• Systemic vasculitis
• Major injuries and trauma

What Causes Low CRP Levels?

For healthy individuals, the normal CRP level in the blood is considered to be 1 mg/dL or lower, so low CRP levels are not an issue. A CRP level close to zero or at zero is considered a healthy state, indicating no medical concerns.

If the CRP level in a blood test was previously higher but is lower in a subsequent test, it shows that the inflammation in the body has decreased. Such decreases in CRP are closely monitored, especially during antibiotic trials for acute bacterial infections, to assess the effectiveness of the medication. Therefore, a drop in C-Reactive protein levels is a desirable outcome.

If you notice that your CRP level is above the normal range in a blood test, consult your doctor for more information. If necessary, your doctor may recommend further diagnostic tests to gain insight into your health condition, allowing early detection of potential illnesses.

by imran

What Helps with Kidney Pain?

The kidneys are vital organs that maintain the body's systems by regulating water and mineral balance. Located in the lower back region, the kidneys are situated on the right and left sides behind the peritoneum. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the presence of the liver. Using filtering units called nephrons, the kidneys remove waste, primarily urea, from the body by excreting it with water. Thus, they play a significant role in the excretory system.

What is Kidney Pain?

Kidney pain is a discomfort felt in the sides of the lower back, abdomen, and back. In some cases, kidney pain can also be felt in the genital areas. It can be caused by physical trauma, infection, or illness. While kidney pain is usually felt on one side of the body, it can occur on both sides in cases of kidney function disorders. Since the kidneys are surrounded by many organs, discomfort or pain from nearby organs can often be mistaken for kidney pain.

Therefore, examinations, tests, and imaging are used to confirm the source of the pain. Given the importance of the kidneys, any observed pain should not be ignored, and medical attention should be sought.

What Are the Symptoms of Kidney Pain?

The primary symptom of kidney pain is discomfort radiating from the sides to the lower back and abdomen. This pain can feel like cramps, spasms, or a stabbing sensation. Often, it is accompanied by fever and nausea. Other symptoms of kidney pain include painful urination, blood in the urine, foul-smelling urine, bowel discomfort, vomiting, fatigue, dizziness, and chills.

Since these symptoms can be confused with other illnesses, a doctor’s evaluation is essential to determine whether the pain originates from the kidneys.

What Causes Kidney Pain?

Kidney pain can be caused by infections in the kidneys or surrounding organs, kidney diseases, or physical problems involving the kidneys. Causes related to physical injury or trauma might occur during sports activities such as football or basketball, or due to work accidents.

Pyelonephritis, a kidney infection, is often caused by bacteria from the digestive system. Bacteria traveling to the kidneys via the urinary tract can cause infection and result in kidney pain. One of the most common causes of kidney pain is kidney stones, which form from accumulated salt and mineral deposits in the kidneys. Small stones can be excreted through urine, leading to a painful condition known as "passing stones." Larger kidney stones, however, are more challenging to pass and cause severe kidney pain.

Another formation in the kidneys is kidney cysts, which can be benign or malignant. Small cysts may not cause symptoms, but if they grow and burst, they can lead to infection, kidney pain, and fever. A genetic condition known as polycystic kidney disease can cause cysts to form in both kidneys. If there is damage to the glomeruli, which are the kidneys' filtering units, glomerulonephritis can occur, leading to impaired kidney function. This can result in kidney pain, infrequent urination, high blood pressure, and even kidney failure.

Another condition causing kidney pain is hydronephrosis, where urine accumulates in the kidneys due to a blockage in the urinary tract, causing the kidney to swell. Hydronephrosis, often associated with kidney stones, leads to frequent but small amounts of urination and symptoms like kidney pain, fever, and urinary incontinence.

How Is the Cause of Kidney Pain Diagnosed?

To diagnose the cause of kidney pain, a doctor first conducts a physical examination. After the examination, lab tests are usually requested. A urine test is used to check levels of blood, leukocytes, urea, and protein in the urine. In some cases, urine tests may not provide enough information, and radiological imaging options are considered. Ultrasound or CT scans may be requested to determine if the issue is related to cysts, kidney stones, or other physical damage.

What Helps Relieve Kidney Pain?

Drinking plenty of water is undoubtedly the best remedy for the kidneys. In addition to staying well-hydrated, keeping the feet warm is an essential precaution against kidney pain. There are also various herbal teas and drinks known to relieve kidney pain. Some herbal remedies include:

• Parsley Water: Known for its diuretic properties, parsley water is beneficial for cleansing the kidneys.
• Celery Juice: Blend celery stalks with water to help remove toxins from the body. Celery juice is useful because it eliminates toxins that can form stones in the kidneys.
• Basil Water: Add half a bunch of basil to one liter of hot water and let it sit until it cools down. Drink one to two glasses a day. Basil water aids in both dissolving kidney stones and preventing their formation.
• Lemon Water: Lemon water is effective in breaking down kidney stones, making it safe to consume if you don’t have blood pressure problems. You can prepare it as lemonade and drink 2-3 glasses a day.
• Wheatgrass Juice: Wheatgrass juice, beneficial for kidney pain, should be consumed in amounts of no more than 30 ml.
• Dandelion Tea: Dandelion tea has diuretic properties and is also helpful for gallbladder issues.
• Corn Silk Tea: If kidney pain is caused by an infection, corn silk tea can help alleviate the discomfort.
• Watermelon Seed Tea: Brewed with warm water, watermelon seed tea has diuretic effects that aid in cleansing the kidneys.

How Is Kidney Pain Treated?

Once the cause of kidney pain is diagnosed, the appropriate treatment is administered. Treatment options for the conditions causing kidney pain include:

• Kidney Infection: Kidney infections, which are often bacterial, are treated with the appropriate antibiotics.
• Kidney Stones: Small kidney stones can be passed by drinking plenty of water. For larger stones, lithotripsy, a procedure using shock waves to break the stones, may be used. The doctor may also use ureteroscopy to locate and remove small stones. Larger stones can be reduced with lithotripsy or dissolved with medication.
• Polycystic Kidney Disease: While kidney cysts often do not require treatment, medication is used in polycystic kidney disease to slow the progression. Healthy eating, avoiding excessive weight gain, and staying well-hydrated are also essential.
• Kidney Tumor: Surgery is performed depending on the size and location of the kidney tumors. If the tumor is small or located on the outer part of the kidney, only the tumor is surgically removed. For larger tumors in the kidney’s center, the entire kidney may need to be removed. In some cases, radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery may be necessary.
• Glomerulonephritis: Acute glomerulonephritis often resolves on its own, while chronic glomerulonephritis is persistent. Treatment is aimed at reducing symptoms, such as controlling blood pressure with diuretics and reducing potassium and salt intake. If the condition progresses to kidney failure, dialysis becomes the treatment option.
• Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis: A condition seen when the cardiovascular system is not healthy, it can be treated with medication and dietary adjustments. If necessary, surgery can be performed to open the artery.

This content provides a detailed overview of kidney pain, its causes, and possible treatments, with an emphasis on both medical and natural remedies for relief.

by imran

What is Norovirus? All Detailed Information About

What is Norovirus?

Norovirus is the most common cause of vomiting, diarrhea, and foodborne illnesses, leading to inflammation of the stomach or intestines, known as gastroenteritis. While many refer to norovirus as "stomach flu," it has no relation to the known influenza that affects the respiratory system.

Norovirus is a term used for a group of viruses. It is a member of the Caliciviridae virus family. These viruses are responsible for about 90% of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks and roughly 50% of cases worldwide. According to statistical data, norovirus causes gastroenteritis in 19-21 million people annually in the United States. Additionally, it is responsible for 56,000-71,000 hospitalizations and 570-800 deaths each year.

Noroviruses are constantly undergoing genetic changes, have adapted to survive in various environments, and are resistant to many disinfectants. For this reason, it is generally accepted that people can be infected with norovirus more than once in their lifetime, although symptoms may be less severe each time.

Norovirus infection can cause sudden and severe vomiting and diarrhea. It is highly contagious. In addition to spreading through close contact with an infected person, it can also be transmitted via contaminated water, food, or surfaces.

What are the Symptoms of Norovirus Infection?

The infection is characterized by diarrhea, stomach pain, and vomiting, starting 12 to 48 hours after exposure to the virus, typically lasting 1 to 3 days. Most infected patients recover without needing treatment. However, in individuals with underlying health conditions, the elderly, young children, babies, and pregnant women, vomiting and diarrhea due to the infection can lead to severe fluid loss (dehydration). In such cases, monitoring and treatment at healthcare facilities are necessary.

Norovirus infections frequently occur in crowded settings where close contact is common, such as hospitals, daycare centers, nursing homes, schools, dormitories, or military barracks, leading to outbreaks.

The symptoms of a norovirus infection can start suddenly. Some of the common symptoms of norovirus infection include:

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Muscle pain
• Fatigue
• Stomach pain or cramps
• Headache

Some individuals may have norovirus infection without showing any symptoms, yet the infection is still contagious, and infected individuals can spread the virus to others.

How is Norovirus Diagnosed?

Norovirus is typically diagnosed based on a thorough medical history and symptom evaluation. The presence of the virus can also be confirmed through stool sample testing, although this test is not always necessary.

How Does Norovirus Spread?

Norovirus is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses resulting from contaminated food, and it can spread to humans in various ways. The virus can enter the body through close contact with an infected person, touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth, or consuming contaminated food or water. Certain foods, including oysters and other seafood, can naturally be contaminated with norovirus. Some of the ways norovirus spreads include:

• Eating contaminated food
• Drinking contaminated water
• Touching your mouth after contact with a contaminated surface or object
• Close contact with someone infected with norovirus

What Are the Risk Factors for Norovirus Infection?

There are several risk factors for norovirus infection. The main ones include:

• Having a weakened immune system (e.g., individuals who have had organ transplants or those with HIV).
• Eating in environments where someone with norovirus has handled food or where food has come into contact with contaminated surfaces or water.
• Being in daycare or childcare centers.
• Living in close-contact environments such as nursing homes.
• Staying in hotels, resorts, cruise ships, or environments with a high density of people.
• Close contact with someone who has a norovirus infection.

What Are the Complications Related to Norovirus Infection?

For most people, norovirus infection is not life-threatening, and discomfort generally subsides within a few days. However, in some individuals, particularly young children, the elderly, those with weakened immune systems, those with other health conditions, or pregnant women, norovirus infection can be severe. These cases may lead to serious dehydration and, in extreme cases, even death.

Less common complications may include:

• Malnutrition
• Constipation
• Indigestion
• Acid reflux

Signs of Dehydration from Norovirus Infection:

• Extreme fatigue
• Dry mouth and throat
• Dizziness
• Decreased urine output
• Sleepiness

How is Norovirus Infection Treated?

There is no specific treatment for norovirus gastroenteritis. Instead, the main goal of treatment is to prevent dehydration and manage symptoms. Recommendations for treating the infection may include:

• Drinking plenty of fluids
• Resting
• Eating light foods

Patients may be advised to follow a light diet consisting of easy-to-digest foods. Ensuring that lost fluids from vomiting or diarrhea are replaced is a crucial aspect of treatment and monitoring.

If fluid loss cannot be managed, dehydration can develop suddenly and may become life-threatening for some individuals. Those unable to drink enough fluids or experiencing severe dehydration may require intravenous (IV) fluids at healthcare facilities.

What is the Course of Norovirus Infection?

Most people with norovirus infection feel better after 2 to 3 days without long-term effects. The virus can be present in stool both before symptoms start and up to two weeks after symptoms resolve. Because norovirus includes many different virus types and can undergo genetic mutations, it is possible to contract the disease multiple times throughout one's life.

How to Prevent Norovirus Infection?

Norovirus infection is highly contagious. To prevent infection, the following measures are recommended:

• Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds after using the bathroom or changing diapers.
• Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds before preparing food or eating.
• Avoid contaminated food and water, including food that may have been prepared by someone who is sick.
• Wash fruits and vegetables before eating.
• Cook seafood thoroughly.
• Disinfect surfaces that may be contaminated.

While traveling, especially in areas with a high risk of norovirus, take precautions by eating only cooked foods, avoiding raw or unwashed foods, drinking only hot beverages, and avoiding food from street vendors.

Preventing the Spread of Norovirus During Illness

To prevent spreading norovirus during illness and after symptoms have ended:

• Minimize contact with others as much as possible.
• Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water.
• Isolate oneself and any infected family members at home.
• Avoid touching food and items that others will use.
• Disinfect contaminated surfaces with a bleach-based household cleaner or a disinfectant effective against noroviruses.
• Dispose of vomit and stool carefully, using disposable gloves, cleaning with disposable towels, and placing contaminated items in sealed plastic bags. Wash potentially contaminated clothes and linens separately at a temperature of at least 60°C.
• Avoid travel for 2 to 3 days after symptoms have ceased.

If diarrhea lasts more than 2 days in an adult or 24 hours in an infant, if signs of dehydration appear, if there is a high fever, severe abdominal pain, or bloody or black diarrhea, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately.

by imran